What is State Machine?

1. A system with a limited number of defined 'states'.
2. Which can only be in one 'state' at a time.
3. That has well defined rules to 'transition' between states.

A State Machine Example: Traffic Light

1. How many states does a traffic light have?
2. What names should they have?
3. Can it be in more than one state at a time?
4. What are the rules for transitioning between states?

image by katerha

Traffic Light State Transition Diagram

[G] -> [Y] -> [R]
 ^             |
 |_____________/

What if a "left turn only" green arrow existed as well?

A State Machine Example: Simon Game

1. How many states? What are their names?
2. Can it be in more than one state at a time?
3. What are the rules for transitioning between states?

State Transition Diagram: Simon

[G] <-> [Y] 
 ^ \   / ^
 |   X   |
 |  / \  |
 v       v
[R] <-> [B]

State Machine Example: GUI Button

States:

1. Enabled
2. Disabled
3. Pressed
4. Active

State Machine Example: GUI Button Transitions

Transitions:

• [enabled] -> mouseDown -> [pressed]
  • "when the mouse is pressed, render the button as being pressed"
• [pressed] -> mouseUp -> [active]
  • "when the button is 'down', and the user releases the mouse button, enter the 'active' state"
• [pressed] -> mouseExit -> [enabled]
  • "when the button is 'down', and the pointer leaves the button, re-render the button as up (not pressed)"
• [enabled] -> mouseUp -> []
  • "when the button is 'up', and the user releases the mouse button, do nothing"
• ... and so on

We may also need a state transition action: "when the button enters the 'active' state, send a 'click' event and then enter the 'Enabled' state"

Why use a state machine?

1. Clarity
2. Predictability
3. Fail-fast debugging

• Many bugs are due to the system receiving unexpected input, or input that is inappropriate at the moment
  • (it's like rai-ee-ain on your wedding day)
• An "illegal state transition" error means something unexpected just happened
  • so you may need to add a new transition or state (or validation routine, or error handler) to handle it when it happens again
• Without a state machine, the system may remain in an invalid state for some time, making it harder to debug once something eventually does break

State of the State 1

The term "state" has several overlapping meanings.

• In general, "state" means any data
  • especially in OO, e.g. "state and behavior" means "instance variables and instance methods"
• In particular, "state" means "there is a clear state transition diagram at work here"

State of the State 2

The term "state machine" has several technical variants as well.

• "Infinite State Machine" e.g. Turing Machine
• "Finite State Machine" or "Finite State Automaton" e.g. Conway's Game of Life

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine

How to implement a state machine?

let states = {
  "green": {canChangeTo: ["yellow"]},
  "yellow": {canChangeTo: ["red"]},
  "red": {canChangeTo: ["green"]}
}

let currentState = "green";

function enterState(newState) {
  let validTransitions = states[currentState].canChangeTo;
  if (validTransitions.includes(newState)) {
    currentState = newState;
  } else {
    throw "Invalid state transition attempted - from " + currentState + " to " + newState;
  }
}

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